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and Zhou 1993; Alba and Nee 2003)\u3002<br>\u3000\u5358\u7dda\u7684\u306a\u540c\u5316\u7406\u89e3\u304b\u3089\u8907\u7dda\u7684\u3067\u591a\u69d8\u306a\u540c\u5316\u904e\u7a0b\u3078\u3068\u7814\u7a76\u4e0a\u306e\u554f\u984c\u95a2\u5fc3\u306e\u7126\u70b9\u304c\u79fb\u884c\u3057\u3066\u3044\u304f\u306e\u3068\u4e26\u884c\u3057\u3066\u30011990\u5e74\u4ee3\u4ee5\u964d\u3001\u5fc5\u305a\u3057\u3082\u540c\u5316\u3084\u7d71\u5408\u3092\u79fb\u4f4f\u904e\u7a0b\u306e\u6700\u7d42\u7684\u306a\u7d42\u7740\u70b9\u3068\u898b\u306a\u3044\u7814\u7a76\u67a0\u7d44\u307f\u304c\u767b\u5834\u3059\u308b\u3002\u30c8\u30e9\u30f3\u30b9\u30ca\u30b7\u30e7\u30ca\u30ea\u30ba\u30e0\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u30b0\u30ed\u30fc\u30d0\u30ea\u30bc\u30fc\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u306e\u9032\u5c55\u3068\u5171\u306b\u3001\u56fd\u5883\u3092\u8d8a\u3048\u3066\u79fb\u52d5\u3059\u308b\u30d2\u30c8\u3001\u30e2\u30ce\u3001\u30ab\u30cd\u306f\u98db\u8e8d\u7684\u306b\u5897\u52a0\u3057\u305f\u3002\u3068\u540c\u6642\u306b\u3001\u79fb\u52d5\u6280\u8853\u306e\u767a\u5c55\u306f\u3001\u79fb\u52d5\u306b\u3068\u3082\u306a\u3046\u30b3\u30b9\u30c8\u306e\u4f4e\u4e0b\u3092\u3082\u305f\u3089\u3057\u305f<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/cenb.org.br\/pt\/articles\/display\/359\/#ref1\">1<\/a><\/sup>\u3002\u751f\u307e\u308c\u305f\u793e\u4f1a\u3092\u96e2\u308c\u3001\u4e00\u5ea6\u79fb\u4f4f\u5148\u306e\u793e\u4f1a\u3078\u3068\u79fb\u308a\u4f4f\u3093\u3060\u306a\u3089\u3070\u51fa\u8eab\u793e\u4f1a\u3068\u306e\u7e4b\u304c\u308a\u306f\u6b21\u7b2c\u306b\u5f31\u307e\u308a\u3001\u305d\u3057\u3066\u79fb\u4f4f\u5148\u793e\u4f1a\u306b\u7de8\u5165\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u304f\u3002\u3053\u3046\u3057\u305f\u5358\u7dda\u7684\u306a\u540c\u5316\u306e\u7269\u8a9e\u306b\u4ee3\u308f\u3063\u3066\u3001\u30db\u30b9\u30c8\u793e\u4f1a\u306b\u79fb\u52d5\u3057\u305f\u5f8c\u3082\u51fa\u8eab\u5730\u793e\u4f1a\u3068\u306e\u7e4b\u304c\u308a\u3092\u69d8\u3005\u306a\u5f62\u3067\u7dad\u6301\u3057\u7d9a\u3051\u3066\u3044\u308b\u4e8b\u4f8b\u304c\u6025\u901f\u306b\u6ce8\u76ee\u3092\u96c6\u3081\u308b\u3088\u3046\u306b\u306a\u3063\u305f\u306e\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<br>\u3000\u30c8\u30e9\u30f3\u30b9\u30ca\u30b7\u30e7\u30ca\u30eb\u306a\u8996\u89d2\u304b\u3089\u306e\u79fb\u6c11\u7814\u7a76\u306e\u5686\u77e2\u3092\u5207\u3063\u305f\u30b0\u30ea\u30c3\u30af\u30fb\u30b7\u30e9\u30fc\u3089\u306b\u3088\u308c\u3070\u3001\u79fb\u6c11\u306e\u30c8\u30e9\u30f3\u30b9\u30ca\u30b7\u30e7\u30ca\u30ea\u30ba\u30e0\u306f\u79fb\u6c11\u304c\u305d\u306e\u51fa\u8eab\u793e\u4f1a\u3068\u5c45\u4f4f\u5148\u306e\u793e\u4f1a\u3068\u3092\u3064\u306a\u3050\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u9818\u57df\u3092\u5f62\u6210\u3059\u308b\u904e\u7a0b\u3068\u3057\u3066\u5b9a\u7fa9\u3055\u308c\u308b(Glick Schiller et al. 1992)\u3002\u305d\u3046\u3057\u305f\u8d8a\u5883\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u30cd\u30c3\u30c8\u30ef\u30fc\u30af\u3092\u5f62\u6210\u7dad\u6301\u3059\u308b\u306a\u304b\u3067\u3001\u79fb\u6c11\u305f\u3061\u306f\u3069\u3061\u3089\u304b\u4e00\u65b9\u306e\u793e\u4f1a\u306e\u307f\u306b\u56fa\u5b9a\u3055\u308c\u306a\u3044\u91cd\u5c64\u7684\u306a\u30a2\u30a4\u30c7\u30f3\u30c6\u30a3\u30c6\u30a3\u3092\u767a\u5c55\u3055\u305b\u3001\u307e\u305f\u5f7c\u3089\u306e\u6d3b\u52d5\u306f\u9818\u57df\u7684\u306a\u793e\u4f1a\u306e\u5883\u754c\u3092\u8d8a\u3048\u308b\u3002<br>\u3000\u307e\u305f\u3001\u30c8\u30e9\u30f3\u30b9\u30ca\u30b7\u30e7\u30ca\u30ea\u30ba\u30e0\u306f\u5c45\u4f4f\u793e\u4f1a\u3078\u306e\u540c\u5316\u306a\u3044\u3057\u7de8\u5165\u3068\u5fc5\u305a\u3057\u3082\u5bfe\u7acb\u3057\u306a\u3044\u3002\u7de8\u5165\u306e\u904e\u7a0b\u3068\u30c8\u30e9\u30f3\u30b9\u30ca\u30b7\u30e7\u30ca\u30eb\u306a\u904e\u7a0b\u306f\u3001\u4e92\u3044\u306b\u5f71\u97ff\u3092\u4e0e\u3048\u3042\u3044\u306a\u304c\u3089\u79fb\u4f4f\u30d7\u30ed\u30bb\u30b9\u3092\u5f62\u4f5c\u308b(Levitt and Glick Schiller 2004; Tsuda 2012)\u3002\u95a2\u4fc2\u8ad6(relationalism)\u306e\u8996\u70b9\u306b\u7acb\u3066\u3070\u3001\u7de8\u5165\u306e\u3042\u308a\u65b9\u306e\u9055\u3044\u306f\u79fb\u6c11\u306e\u30c8\u30e9\u30f3\u30b9\u30ca\u30b7\u30e7\u30ca\u30ea\u30ba\u30e0\u306b\u5f71\u97ff\u3092\u4e0e\u3048\u308b\u3057\u3001\u307e\u305f\u9006\u306b\u30c8\u30e9\u30f3\u30b9\u30ca\u30b7\u30e7\u30ca\u30ea\u30ba\u30e0\u306e\u3042\u308a\u65b9\u306e\u9055\u3044\u304c\u30db\u30b9\u30c8\u793e\u4f1a\u3078\u306e\u7de8\u5165\u306b\u5909\u5316\u3092\u3082\u305f\u3089\u3059\u3002\u304b\u304f\u3057\u3066\u3001\u30c8\u30e9\u30f3\u30b9\u30ca\u30b7\u30e7\u30ca\u30ea\u30ba\u30e0\u306e\u767b\u5834\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u3001\u5358\u7dda\u7684\u304b\u3064\u540c\u8cea\u7684\u306a\u540c\u5316\u304b\u3089\u3088\u308a\u591a\u5c64\u7684\u3067\u591a\u5143\u7684\u306a\u79fb\u4f4f\u904e\u7a0b\u306e\u7406\u89e3\u3078\u3068\u79fb\u6c11\u7814\u7a76\u306e\u8ab2\u984c\u306f\u79fb\u884c\u3057\u3064\u3064\u3042\u308b\u3002<br><br><strong>\u30c8\u30e9\u30f3\u30b9\u30ca\u30b7\u30e7\u30ca\u30eb\u306a\u8996\u89d2\u306e\u8ab2\u984c<\/strong><br>\u3000\u652f\u914d\u7684\u306a\u540c\u5316\u30d1\u30e9\u30c0\u30a4\u30e0\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u6279\u5224\u3068\u3057\u3066\u767b\u5834\u3057\u3066\u304d\u305f\u30c8\u30e9\u30f3\u30b9\u30ca\u30b7\u30e7\u30ca\u30eb\u306a\u8996\u89d2\u306f\u3001\u3057\u304b\u3057\u3001\u305d\u308c\u81ea\u4f53\u306b\u8ab2\u984c\u304c\u306a\u3044\u308f\u3051\u3067\u306f\u306a\u3044\u3002\u305d\u308c\u306f\u3053\u308c\u307e\u3067\u306e\u7814\u7a76\u304c\u63a1\u7528\u3059\u308b\u8a8d\u8b58\u8ad6\u7684\u524d\u63d0\u81ea\u4f53\u306b\u95a2\u4fc2\u3059\u308b\u3002\u30c8\u30e9\u30f3\u30b9\u30ca\u30b7\u30e7\u30ca\u30eb\u306a\u8996\u89d2\u306f\u3001\u540c\u5316\u30d1\u30e9\u30c0\u30a4\u30e0\u304c\u9818\u57df\u7684\u306a\u793e\u4f1a\u3092\u524d\u63d0\u3068\u3057\u3066\u304d\u305f\u3068\u6279\u5224\u3059\u308b(Wimmer and Glick Schiller 2002)\u3002\u3053\u308c\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3066\u30c8\u30e9\u30f3\u30b9\u30ca\u30b7\u30e7\u30ca\u30ea\u30ba\u30e0\u306f\u3001\u8d8a\u5883\u7684\u306a\u4e3b\u4f53\u3001\u3059\u306a\u308f\u3061\u79fb\u6c11\u306e\u300c\u4e0b\u304b\u3089\u300d\u306e\u5b9f\u8df5\u306b\u7740\u76ee\u3059\u308b(Smith and Guarnizo 1998; Portes et al. 1999)\u3002\u30b0\u30ed\u30fc\u30d0\u30eb\u4f01\u696d\u306a\u3069\u306e\u8d8a\u5883\u7684\u306a\u6d3b\u52d5\u3092\u300c\u4e0a\u304b\u3089\u300d\u306e\u30c8\u30e9\u30f3\u30b9\u30ca\u30b7\u30e7\u30ca\u30ea\u30ba\u30e0\u3068\u6349\u3048\u308b\u306a\u3089\u3070\u3001\u79fb\u6c11\u306e\u30c8\u30e9\u30f3\u30b9\u30ca\u30b7\u30e7\u30ca\u30ea\u30ba\u30e0\u306f\u3001\u306a\u306b\u3088\u308a\u3082\u307e\u305a\u79fb\u6c11\u81ea\u8eab\u305f\u3061\u306e\u624b\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u958b\u59cb\u3055\u308c\u307e\u305f\u5b9f\u8df5\u3055\u308c\u308b\u8af8\u6d3b\u52d5\u3068\u3057\u3066\u7406\u89e3\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u63db\u8a00\u3059\u308c\u3070\u3001\u79fb\u6c11\u306e\u884c\u70ba\u4e3b\u4f53\u6027(agency)\u304c\u30c8\u30e9\u30f3\u30b9\u30ca\u30b7\u30e7\u30ca\u30eb\u306a\u793e\u4f1a\u30cd\u30c3\u30c8\u30ef\u30fc\u30af\u306e\u4f55\u3088\u308a\u3082\u306e\u62c5\u3044\u624b\u3068\u3055\u308c\u308b\u306e\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<br>\u3000\u3042\u308b\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u95a2\u4fc2\u304c\u69cb\u7bc9\u3055\u308c\u3001\u7dad\u6301\u3055\u308c\u3001\u3042\u308b\u3044\u306f\u5909\u5bb9\u3059\u308b\u306e\u306f\u3001\u884c\u70ba\u4e3b\u4f53\u304c\u884c\u3046\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u884c\u70ba\u306b\u3088\u308b\u306e\u3060\u304b\u3089\u3001\u79fb\u6c11\u306e\u884c\u70ba\u4e3b\u4f53\u6027\u3078\u306e\u7740\u76ee\u305d\u308c\u81ea\u4f53\u306b\u7570\u8ad6\u306f\u306a\u3044\u3002\u3057\u304b\u3057\u306a\u304c\u3089\u3001\u884c\u70ba\u4e3b\u4f53\u6027\u306f\u305d\u308c\u81ea\u4f53\u3001\u5236\u5ea6\u306b\u5a92\u4ecb\u3055\u308c\u305f\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u95a2\u4fc2\u306b\u57cb\u3081\u8fbc\u307e\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u305d\u306e\u305f\u3081\u3001\u4e3b\u4f53\u306e\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u884c\u70ba\u306f\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u95a2\u4fc2\u306b\u5f71\u97ff\u3092\u4e0e\u3048\u3001\u305d\u308c\u3092\u5909\u5bb9\u3055\u305b\u3066\u3044\u304f\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3082\u3001\u305d\u306e\u3068\u308a\u5f97\u308b\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u884c\u70ba\u306e\u5e45\u306f\u6240\u4e0e\u306e\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u95a2\u4fc2\u306b\u3088\u308a\u5236\u7d04\u3055\u308c\u308b(Giddens 1984)\u3002\u300c\u4e0b\u304b\u3089\u300d\u306e\u5b9f\u8df5\u3092\u5f37\u8abf\u3059\u308b\u30c8\u30e9\u30f3\u30b9\u30ca\u30b7\u30e7\u30ca\u30eb\u306a\u8996\u89d2\u306b\u4e0d\u8db3\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u306e\u306f\u3001\u305d\u306e\u79fb\u6c11\u305f\u3061\u306e\u5b9f\u8df5\u3092\u65b9\u5411\u3065\u3051\u308b\u5236\u5ea6\u5316\u3055\u308c\u305f\u793e\u4f1a\u95a2\u4fc2\u3078\u306e\u8996\u5ea7\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<br>\u3000\u3082\u3063\u3068\u3082\u3001\u65e2\u5b58\u306e\u7814\u7a76\u304c\u5236\u5ea6\u3078\u306e\u8996\u70b9\u3092\u6b20\u3044\u3066\u304d\u305f\u3068\u65ad\u3058\u308b\u306e\u306f\u516c\u5e73\u3067\u306f\u306a\u3044\u3002\u4f8b\u3048\u3070\u3001\u30dd\u30eb\u30c6\u30b9\u3068\u30e9\u30f3\u30d0\u30fc\u30c8\u306f\u3001\u69d8\u3005\u306a\u79fb\u6c11\u96c6\u56e3\u306e\u7de8\u5165\u69d8\u5f0f\u306e\u9055\u3044\u3092\u8aac\u660e\u3059\u308b\u969b\u306b\u3001\u5404\u79fb\u6c11\u96c6\u56e3\u304c\u7f6e\u304b\u308c\u305f\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u6587\u8108\u306e\u5dee\u7570\u306b\u7740\u76ee\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b(Portes and Rumbaut 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2000)\u3002\u78ba\u304b\u306b19\u4e16\u7d00\u306b\u30a4\u30bf\u30ea\u30a2\u304b\u3089\u4e16\u754c\u5404\u5730\u306b\u6e21\u3063\u3066\u884c\u3063\u305f\u30a4\u30bf\u30ea\u30a2\u79fb\u6c11\u306e\u4e8b\u4f8b\u306a\u3069\u6b74\u53f2\u306e\u4e2d\u306e\u30c8\u30e9\u30f3\u30b9\u30ca\u30b7\u30e7\u30ca\u30ea\u30ba\u30e0\u306f\u77e5\u3089\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b(Gabaccia 2000; Choate 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nationalism)\u3068\u3057\u3066\u6349\u3048\u3089\u308c\u308b<sup><a 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1985: 8)\u3002\u305d\u306e\u8a66\u307f\u306e\u4e00\u74b0\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u56fd\u5bb6\u306f\u305d\u306e\u9818\u57df\u5185\u5916\u306e\u4eba\u53e3\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3066\u6226\u7565\u7684\u306b\u653f\u7b56\u3092\u5b9f\u884c\u3059\u308b\u3002\u5b9f\u969b\u306b\u300120\u4e16\u7d00\u521d\u982d\u306e\u65e5\u672c\u304b\u3089\u30d6\u30e9\u30b8\u30eb\u3078\u306e\u79fb\u6c11\u306f\u3001\u4e21\u653f\u5e9c\u9593\u306e\u5951\u7d04\u79fb\u6c11\u3068\u3057\u3066\u884c\u308f\u308c\u305f\u3002\u3057\u304b\u3057\u56fd\u5bb6\u306e\u95a2\u4e0e\u306f\u305d\u308c\u306b\u3068\u3069\u307e\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002\u300c\u56fd\u969b\u300d\u79fb\u6c11\u306f\u672c\u8cea\u7684\u306b\u653f\u6cbb\u7684\u306a\u73fe\u8c61\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u56fd\u5bb6\u306f\u305d\u306e\u904e\u7a0b\u306b\u5e38\u306b\u4ecb\u5728\u3059\u308b(Waldinger and Soehl 2013)\u3002\u554f\u984c\u3068\u306a\u308b\u306e\u306f\u3001\u56fd\u5bb6\u3068\u305d\u306e\u4eba\u53e3\u3068\u306e\u95a2\u4fc2\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u79fb\u6c11\u306e\u9001\u308a\u51fa\u3057\u3001\u53d7\u3051\u5165\u308c\u53cc\u65b9\u306e\u56fd\u306b\u3068\u3063\u3066\u3001\u591a\u304f\u306e\u5834\u5408\u3001\u79fb\u6c11\u4eba\u53e3\u306f\u6f5c\u5728\u7684\u306a\u8cc7\u6e90\u3060\u304b\u3089\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u4e00\u65b9\u3067\u306f\u3001\u53d7\u3051\u5165\u308c\u56fd\u306f\u3042\u308b\u7279\u5b9a\u306e\u4eba\u3005\u306e\u96c6\u56e3\u3092\u305d\u306e\u653f\u4f53(body politic)\u306b\u7de8\u5165\u307e\u305f\u306f\u305d\u3053\u304b\u3089\u6392\u9664\u3057\u3088\u3046\u3068\u3059\u308b(Hammer 1990; Torpey 2000; Zolberg 2008)\u3002\u4ed6\u65b9\u3067\u306f\u3001\u9001\u308a\u51fa\u3057\u56fd\u3082\u307e\u305f\u3001\u305d\u306e\u9818\u571f\u306e\u5916\u306b\u5c45\u4f4f\u3059\u308b\u300c\u56fd\u6c11\u300d\u3068\u4e00\u5b9a\u306e\u95a2\u4fc2\u3092\u4fdd\u3068\u3046\u3068\u3059\u308b<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/cenb.org.br\/pt\/articles\/display\/359\/#ref3\">3<\/a><\/sup>\u3002\u591a\u304f\u306e\u5834\u5408\u3001\u9001\u308a\u51fa\u3057\u56fd\u306f\u56fd\u6c11\u6027\u306e\u89b3\u5ff5\u3092\u305d\u306e\u9818\u57df\u5916\u306b\u5c45\u4f4f\u3059\u308b\u300c\u56fd\u6c11\u300d\u3092\u5305\u6442\u3059\u308b\u4e00\u69d8\u5f0f\u3068\u3057\u3066\u6d3b\u7528\u3059\u308b\u3002\u3053\u308c\u306f\u3001\u5e02\u6c11\u6a29\u304c\u9818\u57df\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u5185\u90e8\u3067\u306e\u69cb\u6210\u54e1\u8cc7\u683c\u3092\u898f\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u306e\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3066\u3001\u56fd\u6c11\u304a\u3088\u3073\u56fd\u6c11\u6027\u306e\u89b3\u5ff5\u306f\u5fc5\u305a\u3057\u3082\u5883\u754c\u3092\u5171\u6709\u3057\u306a\u3044\u304b\u3089\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<br>\u3000\u3053\u3053\u3067\u5e02\u6c11\u6a29\u3068\u56fd\u6c11\u6027\u306e\u5206\u6790\u7684\u533a\u5225\u304c\u91cd\u8981\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u8fd1\u4ee3\u306e\u56fd\u6c11\u56fd\u5bb6\u306f\u305d\u306e\u56fd\u5bb6\u306e\u69cb\u6210\u54e1\u8cc7\u683c\u3067\u3042\u308b\u5e02\u6c11\u6a29\u3068\u56fd\u6c11\u6027\u3092\u8a18\u8ff0\u7684\u306b\u3082\u898f\u7bc4\u7684\u306b\u3082\u540c\u4e00\u8996\u3057\u3066\u304d\u305f\u3002\u3057\u304b\u3057\u306a\u304c\u3089\u3001\u3053\u306e\u60f3\u5b9a\u3055\u308c\u305f\u4e00\u81f4\u306f\u7406\u5ff5\u578b\u4ee5\u4e0a\u306e\u3082\u306e\u3067\u306f\u306a\u3044\u3002\u8fd1\u4ee3\u7684\u5e02\u6c11\u6a29\u304c\u9818\u57df\u7684\u306a\u653f\u6cbb\u7684\u5358\u4f4d\u306e\u9818\u57df\u306e\u5185\u90e8\u3067\u306e\u307f\u52b9\u529b\u3092\u767a\u63ee\u3059\u308b\u306e\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3066<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/cenb.org.br\/pt\/articles\/display\/359\/#ref4\">4<\/a><\/sup>\u3001\u56fd\u6c11\u6027\u3068\u30ca\u30b7\u30e7\u30ca\u30ea\u30ba\u30e0\u306f\u56fd\u5bb6\u306e\u9818\u57df\u306e\u30b5\u30d6\u30ec\u30d9\u30eb\u3067\u3001\u3042\u308b\u3044\u306f\u9818\u57df\u3092\u8de8\u3044\u3067\u4f5c\u7528\u3059\u308b\u3002\u3044\u305a\u308c\u306e\u5834\u5408\u3082\u56fd\u6c11\u306e\u5883\u754c\u306f\u3001\u56fd\u5bb6\u306e\u9818\u57df\u7684\u5883\u754c\u3068\u5fc5\u305a\u3057\u3082\u4e00\u81f4\u3057\u306a\u3044\u3002\u3053\u306e\u4e56\u96e2\u304b\u3089\u3001\u9001\u308a\u51fa\u3057\u56fd\u306f\u56fd\u5916\u306e\u79fb\u6c11\u4eba\u53e3\u306e\u56fd\u6c11\u6027\u3092\u305d\u306e\u9818\u57df\u3092\u8d85\u3048\u3066\u5236\u5ea6\u5316\u3057\u3088\u3046\u3068\u3059\u308b\u3002\u3068\u540c\u6642\u306b\u53d7\u3051\u5165\u308c\u56fd\u306f\u305d\u306e\u540c\u4e00\u306e\u4eba\u53e3\u3092\u305d\u306e\u653f\u4f53\u306b\u7d44\u307f\u5165\u308c\u3088\u3046\u3068\u3059\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u3053\u3068\u306f\u6226\u524d\u6226\u5f8c\u3092\u901a\u3058\u305f\u65e5\u672c\u3068\u30d6\u30e9\u30b8\u30eb\u306e\u65e5\u7cfb\u30d6\u30e9\u30b8\u30eb\u4eba\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u5bfe\u5fdc\u306b\u5f53\u3066\u306f\u307e\u308b\u3002\u65e5\u672c\u653f\u5e9c\u306f\u30d6\u30e9\u30b8\u30eb\u306e\u65e5\u672c\u79fb\u6c11\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3066\u6226\u7565\u7684\u306b\u50cd\u304d\u304b\u3051\u3001\u4e00\u7a2e\u306e\u98db\u3073\u5730(exclave)\u3092\u5236\u5ea6\u5316\u3057\u3088\u3046\u3068\u3057\u305f\u3002\u3042\u304b\u3089\u3055\u307e\u306a\u4ecb\u5165\u306f\u6226\u5f8c\u306a\u304f\u306a\u308b\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3082\u3001\u305d\u306e\u5f71\u97ff\u306f\u6226\u5f8c\u306e\u65e5\u7cfb\u793e\u4f1a\u306e\u5f62\u6210\u306b\u5927\u304d\u304f\u5f71\u97ff\u3092\u4e0e\u3048\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u540c\u6642\u306b\u3001\u30d6\u30e9\u30b8\u30eb\u653f\u5e9c\u3082\u65e5\u672c\u79fb\u6c11\u3092\u30d6\u30e9\u30b8\u30eb\u793e\u4f1a\u306b\u540c\u5316\u3055\u305b\u3088\u3046\u3068\u3057\u305f\u3002\u7279\u306b1930\u5e74\u4ee3\u306b\u306f\u3001\u30f4\u30a1\u30eb\u30ac\u30b9\u653f\u6a29\u306e\u56fd\u6c11\u5316\u653f\u7b56\u306e\u4e0b\u3067\u305d\u308c\u306f\u5fb9\u5e95\u3055\u308c\u305f\u3002\u65e5\u7cfb\u30d6\u30e9\u30b8\u30eb\u4eba\u306e\u30c8\u30e9\u30f3\u30b9\u30ca\u30b7\u30e7\u30ca\u30eb\u306a\u7e4b\u304c\u308a\u306f\u3001\u3053\u3046\u3057\u305f\uff12\u3064\u306e\u56fd\u5bb6\u306e\u56fd\u6c11\u5316\u653f\u7b56\u3092\u80cc\u666f\u3068\u3057\u3066\u767a\u5c55\u3057\u307e\u305f\u8870\u9000\u3057\u305f\u3068\u8003\u3048\u3089\u308c\u308b\u3002<br>\u3000\u3053\u306e\u3053\u3068\u306b\u52a0\u3048\u3066\u3001\u5e02\u6c11\u6a29\u3068\u56fd\u6c11\u6027\u306e\u30ae\u30e3\u30c3\u30d7\u306f\u65e5\u672c\u3078\u306e\u30c7\u30ab\u30bb\u30ae\u9084\u6d41\u304c\u751f\u3058\u305f\u969b\u306b\u3082\u691c\u8a0e\u306b\u4fa1\u3059\u308b\u30021990\u5e74\u3001\u65e5\u672c\u653f\u5e9c\u306f\u6c11\u65cf\u6027\u306e\u5171\u6709\u306e\u8ad6\u7406\u306b\u3088\u308a3\u4e16\u307e\u3067\u306e\u65e5\u7cfb\u4eba\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3066\u5b9a\u4f4f\u8005\u30d3\u30b6\u306e\u5730\u4f4d\u3092\u8a8d\u3081\u305f\u3002\u3057\u304b\u3057\u306a\u304c\u3089\u3001\u3053\u306e\u3053\u3068\u306f\u5e02\u6c11\u6a29\u5236\u5ea6\u306e\u5909\u5bb9\u305d\u306e\u3082\u306e\u3092\u610f\u5473\u3057\u306a\u3044\u3002\u3080\u3057\u308d\u3001\u5e02\u6c11\u6a29\u53d6\u5f97\u306e\u30eb\u30fc\u30eb\u306f\u5f7c\u3089\u3092\u4f9d\u7136\u3068\u3057\u3066\u5916\u56fd\u4eba\u3068\u3057\u3066\u53d6\u308a\u6271\u3063\u305f\u3002\u305d\u306e\u7d50\u679c\u3068\u3057\u3066\u5f7c\u3089\u306f\u65e5\u672c\u793e\u4f1a\u306b\u5305\u6442\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3068\u540c\u6642\u306b\u6392\u9664\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3068\u306a\u3063\u305f\u3002\u3053\u308c\u306f80\u5e74\u4ee3\u4ee5\u964d\u306e\u65e5\u7cfb\u30d6\u30e9\u30b8\u30eb\u4eba\u306e\u30c8\u30e9\u30f3\u30b9\u30ca\u30b7\u30e7\u30ca\u30ea\u30ba\u30e0\u3092\u8003\u3048\u308b\u4e0a\u3067\u306e\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u80cc\u666f\u3068\u306a\u308b\u3002<br>\u3000\u7b2c\uff13\u306b\u8003\u3048\u305f\u3044\u306e\u306f\u3001\u79fb\u6c11\u306e\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u306a\u30cd\u30c3\u30c8\u30ef\u30fc\u30af\u3092\u652f\u3048\u308b\u30ed\u30fc\u30ab\u30eb\u306a\u8af8\u5236\u5ea6\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u79fb\u6c11\u305f\u3061\u306e\u4e92\u52a9\u7d44\u7e54\u306f\u3001\u53d7\u3051\u5165\u308c\u793e\u4f1a\u3078\u306e\u7de8\u5165\u3068\u30c8\u30e9\u30f3\u30b9\u30ca\u30b7\u30e7\u30ca\u30eb\u306a\u7e4b\u304c\u308a\u306e\u7dad\u6301\u306e\u53cc\u65b9\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3066\u4e21\u7fa9\u7684\u306a\u5f79\u5272\u3092\u679c\u305f\u3059\u3053\u3068\u304c\u77e5\u3089\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u4e00\u65b9\u3067\u306f\u3001\u79fb\u6c11\u305f\u3061\u306e\u7d44\u7e54\u306f\u305d\u306e\u6210\u54e1\u305f\u3061\u306b\u50cd\u304d\u304b\u3051\u3001\u51fa\u8eab\u793e\u4f1a\u3068\u306e\u30c8\u30e9\u30f3\u30b9\u30ca\u30b7\u30e7\u30ca\u30eb\u306a\u7dad\u6301\u3092\u4fc3\u3059(Smith 1998; 2006)\u3002\u4ed6\u65b9\u3067\u3001\u79fb\u6c11\u305f\u3061\u306f\u3001\u5f7c\u3089\u306e\u5c45\u4f4f\u793e\u4f1a\u3078\u306e\u7de8\u5165\u306e\u305f\u3081\u306b\u3082\u4e92\u52a9\u7d44\u7e54\u3092\u5f62\u6210\u3059\u308b(Jones-Correa 2013; Smith 2013)\u3002\u79fb\u6c11\u305f\u3061\u306e\u4e92\u52a9\u7d44\u7e54\u306e\u5f62\u614b\u3068\u305d\u306e\u5bc6\u5ea6\u306f\u304b\u308c\u3089\u306e\u30c8\u30e9\u30f3\u30b9\u30ca\u30b7\u30e7\u30ca\u30eb\u306a\u7e4b\u304c\u308a\u306e\u3042\u308a\u65b9\u306b\u5f71\u97ff\u3092\u53ca\u307c\u3059\u3002\u3067\u306f\u3001\u3069\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u8981\u56e0\u304c\u7d44\u7e54\u306e\u65b9\u5411\u6027\u306b\u5f71\u97ff\u3092\u4e0e\u3048\u308b\u306e\u3067\u3042\u308d\u3046\u304b\u3002\u4e0a\u306b\u8ff0\u3079\u305f\u3088\u3046\u306b\u3001\u65e2\u5b58\u306e\u591a\u304f\u306e\u7814\u7a76\u306f\u30c8\u30e9\u30f3\u30b9\u30ca\u30b7\u30e7\u30ca\u30eb\u306a\u7e4b\u304c\u308a\u306f\u79fb\u6c11\u8af8\u500b\u4eba\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u958b\u59cb\u3001\u7dad\u6301\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3068\u60f3\u5b9a\u3057\u3066\u304d\u305f\u3002\u3053\u3046\u3057\u305f\u60f3\u5b9a\u306f\u3001\u79fb\u6c11\u306e\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u30cd\u30c3\u30c8\u30ef\u30fc\u30af\u306b\u95a2\u3059\u308b\u7406\u8ad6\u4e00\u822c\u3068\u305d\u306e\u4e3b\u5f35\u3092\u540c\u3058\u304f\u3059\u308b\u3002\u30dd\u30eb\u30c6\u30b9\u306f\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u30cd\u30c3\u30c8\u30ef\u30fc\u30af\u306b\u63a5\u7d9a\u3055\u308c\u305f\u6210\u54e1\u306e\u5f37\u5236\u529b\u306e\u3042\u308b\u4fe1\u983c\u95a2\u4fc2(enforceable trust)\u304c\u5f7c\u3089\u3092\u3057\u3066\u5f53\u8a72\u30cd\u30c3\u30c8\u30ef\u30fc\u30af\u3078\u306e\u6301\u7d9a\u7684\u306a\u732e\u8eab\u3078\u3068\u5c0e\u304f\u3068\u8ad6\u3058\u308b(Portes 1998:7-9)\u3002\u30b3\u30ea\u30a2\u30f3\u30a2\u30e1\u30ea\u30ab\u30f3\u306e\u9593\u306e\u8b1b\u3092\u4f8b\u306b\u3068\u308a\u3001\u6210\u54e1\u76f8\u4e92\u9593\u306e\u5f37\u5236\u7684\u306a\u4fe1\u983c\u304c\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u3001\u8ab0\u3082\u8b1b\u306b\u8ca2\u732e\u3057\u306a\u3044\u3060\u308d\u3046\u3057\u3001\u8ab0\u3082\u8b1b\u306e\u91d1\u878d\u6a5f\u80fd\u3092\u6d3b\u7528\u3067\u304d\u306a\u3044\u3060\u308d\u3046\u3068\u30dd\u30eb\u30c6\u30b9\u306f\u3044\u3046(1998: 13)\u3002\u3059\u306a\u308f\u3061\u3001\u6210\u54e1\u9593\u306e\u4e92\u6075\u7684\u306a\u9023\u5e2f\u304c\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u30cd\u30c3\u30c8\u30ef\u30fc\u30af\u306e\u5236\u5ea6\u5316\u306e\u539f\u56e0\u3060\u3068\u3059\u308b\u306e\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<br>\u3000\u3057\u304b\u3057\u306a\u304c\u3089\u3001\u79fb\u6c11\u306e\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u30cd\u30c3\u30c8\u30ef\u30fc\u30af\u3078\u8ca2\u732e\u306f\u305d\u306e\u6210\u54e1\u9593\u306e\u4e92\u6075\u7684\u7d10\u5e2f\u304b\u3089\u306e\u307f\u767a\u751f\u3059\u308b\u3082\u306e\u3067\u306f\u306a\u3044\u3002\u79fb\u6c11\u5f53\u4eba\u305f\u3061\u306e\u8ca2\u732e\u306b\u52a0\u3048\u3066\u3001\u4ed6\u306e\u30a2\u30af\u30bf\u30fc\u3082\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u30cd\u30c3\u30c8\u30ef\u30fc\u30af\u306e\u7dad\u6301\u3001\u767a\u5c55\u306b\u8ca2\u732e\u3057\u3046\u308b(Breton 1991)\u3002\u6226\u524d\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u65e5\u672c\u306e\u98db\u3073\u5730\u3068\u3057\u3066\u306e\u30b3\u30ed\u30cb\u30a2\u306e\u5f62\u6210\u306f\u65e5\u672c\u653f\u5e9c\u3068\u79fb\u6c11\u4f1a\u793e\u306b\u3088\u308b\u79fb\u6c11\u306e\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u30cd\u30c3\u30c8\u30ef\u30fc\u30af\u3078\u306e\u8cc7\u6e90\u4f9b\u7d66\u306e\u4e8b\u4f8b\u3068\u3057\u3066\u6349\u3048\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3067\u304d\u308b\u3060\u308d\u3046\u3002\u6226\u5f8c\u671f\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3055\u3048\u3001JAMIC\u3084JICA\u306e\u793e\u4f1a\u30cd\u30c3\u30c8\u30ef\u30fc\u30af\u3078\u306e\u8ca2\u732e\u306f\u898b\u9003\u305b\u306a\u3044\u3002\u3055\u3089\u306b\u3001\u5730\u65b9\u81ea\u6cbb\u4f53\u3084\u30ed\u30fc\u30ab\u30eb\u306aNPO\u3082\u305d\u308c\u305e\u308c\u306e\u7406\u7531\u304b\u3089\u79fb\u6c11\u306e\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u30cd\u30c3\u30c8\u30ef\u30fc\u30af\u306b\u8cc7\u6e90\u3092\u63d0\u4f9b\u3057\u3046\u308b(Tsuda 2006; Jones-Correa 2008; Marrow 2009)\u3002\u3053\u3046\u3057\u305f\u30ed\u30fc\u30ab\u30eb\u306a\u5236\u5ea6\u304b\u3089\u79fb\u6c11\u306e\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u30cd\u30c3\u30c8\u30ef\u30fc\u30af\u3078\u306e\u8cc7\u6e90\u4f9b\u7d66\u306f\u3001\u305d\u306e\u53d6\u308a\u7d44\u307f\u304c\u5341\u5206\u3068\u306f\u8a00\u3048\u306a\u3044\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3082\u3001\u65e5\u672c\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u65e5\u7cfb\u30d6\u30e9\u30b8\u30eb\u4eba\u30b3\u30df\u30e5\u30cb\u30c6\u30a3\u3092\u8003\u5bdf\u3059\u308b\u969b\u306b\u91cd\u8981\u306a\u8981\u7d20\u3068\u306a\u308b\u3002<br>\u3000\u4ee5\u4e0a\u306f\u307b\u3093\u306e\u8a66\u8ad6\u306b\u3059\u304e\u306a\u3044\u304c\u3001\u4e0a\u8a18\uff13\u3064\u306e\u8981\u56e0\u306b\u7740\u76ee\u3057\u3066\u3001\u65e5\u672c\u79fb\u6c11\u305d\u3057\u3066\u65e5\u7cfb\u30d6\u30e9\u30b8\u30eb\u4eba\u306e100\u5e74\u3092\u30c8\u30e9\u30f3\u30b9\u30ca\u30b7\u30e7\u30ca\u30eb\u306a\u8996\u70b9\u304b\u3089\u518d\u691c\u8a0e\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306e\u6982\u8981\u3092\u8a66\u307f\u305f\u3002\u3082\u3061\u308d\u3093\u3001\u3053\u308c\u3089\uff13\u3064\u306e\u8981\u56e0\u306f\u3001\u76f8\u4e92\u306b\u95a2\u9023\u3057\u3042\u3044\u3001\u305d\u306e\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\u306e\u4e2d\u3067\u30c8\u30e9\u30f3\u30b9\u30ca\u30b7\u30e7\u30ca\u30eb\u306a\u7e4b\u304c\u308a\u306f\u5f62\u4f5c\u3089\u308c\u308b\u3068\u8003\u3048\u3089\u308c\u308b\u3002\u3057\u305f\u304c\u3063\u3066\u3001\u3053\u308c\u30893\u3064\u306e\u8981\u56e0\u304c\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u306b\u3069\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u76f8\u4e92\u306b\u5f71\u97ff\u3092\u4e0e\u3048\u3042\u3044\u3001\u7d50\u679c\u3068\u3057\u3066\u30c8\u30e9\u30f3\u30b9\u30ca\u30b7\u30e7\u30ca\u30eb\u306a\u7e4b\u304c\u308a\u3092\u5f62\u6210\u3059\u308b\u306e\u304b\u304c\u5b9f\u8a3c\u7684\u306b\u7814\u7a76\u3055\u308c\u308b\u5fc5\u8981\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3002\u305d\u308c\u306f\u7b46\u8005\u306b\u3068\u3063\u3066\u306e\u4eca\u5f8c\u306e\u8ab2\u984c\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<br><br><strong>\u304a\u308f\u308a\u306b<\/strong><br>\u3000\u672c\u7a3f\u3067\u306f\u30a2\u30e1\u30ea\u30ab\u306e\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u79fb\u6c11\u7814\u7a76\u306e\u52d5\u5411\u3092\u6982\u89b3\u3057\u3001\u305d\u306e\u4e2d\u3067\u652f\u914d\u7684\u306a\u540c\u5316\u30d1\u30e9\u30c0\u30a4\u30e0\u3092\u4e57\u308a\u8d8a\u3048\u3088\u3046\u3068\u65b0\u305f\u306a\u7814\u7a76\u8996\u89d2\u304c\u751f\u307e\u308c\u3066\u304d\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3001\u3057\u304b\u3057\u3001\u305d\u306e\u65b0\u305f\u306a\u7814\u7a76\u8996\u89d2\u306b\u3082\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u6587\u8108\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u5206\u6790\u306e\u5f31\u3055\u304c\u5b58\u5728\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3001\u305d\u3057\u3066\u4f55\u3088\u308a\u3001\u65e5\u7cfb\u30d6\u30e9\u30b8\u30eb\u4eba\u306e100\u5e74\u306e\u6b74\u53f2\u3092\u7dcf\u5408\u7684\u306b\u30c8\u30e9\u30f3\u30b9\u30ca\u30b7\u30e7\u30ca\u30eb\u306a\u8996\u89d2\u304b\u3089\u898b\u76f4\u3059\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3001\u79fb\u6c11\u306e\u30c8\u30e9\u30f3\u30ca\u30b7\u30e7\u30ca\u30eb\u306a\u7e4b\u304c\u308a\u306e\u6b74\u53f2\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u306e\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u304c\u958b\u3051\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u8ad6\u3058\u3066\u304d\u305f\u3002\u305d\u306e\u969b\u306b\u7740\u76ee\u3067\u304d\u308b\uff13\u3064\u306e\u30de\u30af\u30ed\u306a\u8981\u56e0\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u3082\u8a66\u8ad6\u7684\u306b\u3060\u304c\u793a\u305d\u3046\u3068\u52aa\u3081\u305f\u3002<br>\u5317\u7c73\u306f\u304a\u308d\u304b\u30e8\u30fc\u30ed\u30c3\u30d1\u8af8\u56fd\u3001\u305d\u3057\u3066\u30a2\u30b8\u30a2\u306e\u56fd\u3005\u3067\u79fb\u6c11\u306e\u554f\u984c\u306f\u8fd1\u5e74\u5927\u304d\u306a\u6ce8\u76ee\u3092\u96c6\u3081\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u30b7\u30e3\u30eb\u30ea\u30fc\u30fb\u30a8\u30d6\u30c9(Charlie Hebdo)\u306e\u4e8b\u4ef6\u306f\u3001\u79fb\u6c11\u306e\u554f\u984c\u304c\u6025\u901f\u306b\u653f\u6cbb\u5316\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u60b2\u5287\u7684\u306a\u5f62\u3067\u793a\u3057\u3066\u3057\u307e\u3063\u305f\u3002\u3057\u304b\u3057\u300c\u4eca\u3053\u3053\u300d\u3067\u8d77\u3053\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u53cd\u5c04\u7684\u306b\u5bfe\u5fdc\u3057\u3066\u3044\u3066\u306f\u554f\u984c\u306e\u672c\u8cea\u3092\u3064\u304b\u307f\u640d\u306d\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u306a\u308b\u3060\u308d\u3046\u3002\u9577\u671f\u7684\u306a\u6b74\u53f2\u306e\u4e2d\u3067\u79fb\u6c11\u306e\u554f\u984c\u3092\u7406\u89e3\u3057\u3088\u3046\u3068\u52aa\u3081\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3067\u521d\u3081\u3066\u300c\u4eca\u3053\u3053\u300d\u3067\u8d77\u3053\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306e\u7406\u89e3\u3068\u89e3\u6c7a\u3078\u306e\u7b4b\u9053\u304c\u898b\u3048\u3066\u304f\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u610f\u5473\u3067\u3001\u65e5\u7cfb\u30d6\u30e9\u30b8\u30eb\u4eba\u306e100\u5e74\u306e\u6b74\u53f2\u3092\u691c\u8a0e\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306f\u79fb\u6c11\u7814\u7a76\u305d\u306e\u3082\u306e\u306b\u3068\u3063\u3066\u6226\u7565\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u3092\u6709\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u306e\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<br><br><strong>\u6ce8<\/strong><br>\u3000<sup><a>1<\/a><\/sup>\u3068\u306f\u3044\u3048\u3001\u5f8c\u306b\u8ff0\u3079\u308b\u3088\u3046\u306b\u3001\u904b\u9001\u6280\u8853\u306e\u767a\u5c55\u304c\u30c8\u30e9\u30f3\u30b9\u30ca\u30b7\u30e7\u30ca\u30eb\u306a\u793e\u4f1a\u95a2\u4fc2\u306e\u4e3b\u8981\u306a\u539f\u56e0\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3068\u7d50\u8ad6\u4ed8\u3051\u308b\u306e\u306f\u65e9\u8a08\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<br>\u3000<sup><a>2<\/a><\/sup>\u7121\u8ad6\u3001\u5168\u3066\u306e\u30b3\u30ed\u30cb\u30a2\u3092\u753b\u4e00\u7684\u306b\u9060\u9694\u5730\u30ca\u30b7\u30e7\u30ca\u30ea\u30ba\u30e0\u3068\u3057\u3066\u6349\u3048\u3089\u308c\u308b\u308f\u3051\u3067\u306f\u306a\u3044\u3057\u3001\u300c\u65e5\u672c\u300d\u306e\u518d\u751f\u7523\u3082\u65e5\u672c\u793e\u4f1a\u306e\u5b8c\u5168\u306a\u308b\u8907\u88fd\u3068\u3057\u3066\u306e\u305d\u308c\u3067\u306f\u306a\u3044\u3002\u4f55\u304c\u9060\u9694\u5730\u30ca\u30b7\u30e7\u30ca\u30ea\u30ba\u30e0\u3092\u518d\u751f\u7523\u3059\u308b\u8981\u56e0\u3060\u3063\u305f\u306e\u304b\u306f\u3001\u30b3\u30ed\u30cb\u30a2\u306e\u6bd4\u8f03\u3092\u901a\u3058\u3066\u5206\u6790\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3060\u308d\u3046\u3002<br>\u3000<sup><a>3<\/a><\/sup>\u9001\u308a\u51fa\u3057\u56fd\u304c\u5728\u5916\u540c\u90a6\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3066\u5305\u6442\u7684\u306a\u653f\u7b56\u3092\u3068\u308b\u4e8b\u4f8b\u306f\u5730\u57df\u3001\u6642\u4ee3\u3092\u307e\u305f\u304c\u3063\u3066\u5e83\u304f\u5b58\u5728\u3059\u308b\u3002\u305d\u306e\u4e3b\u8981\u306a\u4e8b\u4f8b\u306f\u4ee5\u4e0b\u3092\u53c2\u7167\u306e\u3053\u3068\u3002Brubaker (1996); Ong (1999); \u9577\u5d0e(2004; Park and Chang (2005); Choate (2008)\u3002<br>\u3000<sup><a>4<\/a><\/sup>\u5916\u4ea4\u7684\u4fdd\u8b77\u306e\u30b1\u30fc\u30b9\u3092\u9664\u304f\u3002<br><br><strong>\u53c2\u8003\u6587\u732e<\/strong><br>\u3000Alba, Richard, and Victor Nee. 2003.&nbsp;<em>Rethinking American Mainstream: Assimilation and Contemporary Immigration.<\/em>&nbsp;Cambridge: Harvard University Press.<br>\u3000Breton, Raymond. 1991.&nbsp;<em>The Governance of Ethnic Communities: Pol\u00edtical Structures and Processes in Canada.<\/em>&nbsp;New York: Greenwood Press.<br>\u3000Brubaker, Rogers. 1996.&nbsp;<em>Nationalism Reframed: Nationhood and the National Question in the New Europe.<\/em>&nbsp;New York: Cambridge University Press.<br>\u3000Choate, Mark. 2008.&nbsp;<em>Emigrant Nation: The Making of Italy Abroad.<\/em>&nbsp;Cambridge: Harvard University Press.<br>\u3000Foner, Nancy. 2000.&nbsp;<em>From Ellis Island to JFK: New York\u2019s Two Great Waves of 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Models of Immigrant Political Incorporation,<\/em>&nbsp;New York: Oxford University Press.<br>\u3000Jones-Correa, Michael. 2008. \u201cRace to the Top? The Politics of Immigrant Education in Suburbia.\u201d Pp. 308-40, in Douglas Massey, ed.,&nbsp;<em>New Faces in New Places: The Changing Georraphy of American Immigration.<\/em>&nbsp;New York: Russell Sage.<br>\u3000Levitt, Peggy, and Nina Glick Schiller. 2004. \u201cConceptualizing Simultaneity: A Transnational Social Field Perspective on Society,\u201d&nbsp;<em>International Migration Review,<\/em>&nbsp;38(3): 1002-39.<br>\u3000Margolis, Maxine L. 1993. Little Brazil:&nbsp;<em>An Ethnography of Brazilian Immigrants in New York City.<\/em>&nbsp;Prenceton: Prenceton University Press.<br>\u3000Margolis, Maxine L. 2013.&nbsp;<em>Goodbye, Brazil:\u00c9migr\u00e9s from the Land of Soccer and Samba.<\/em>&nbsp;Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press.<br>\u3000Marrow, Helen B. 1999. \u201cImmigrnat Bureaucratic Incorporation: The Dual Roles of Professional Missions and Government Politics,\u201d&nbsp;<em>American Sociological Review.<\/em>&nbsp;74: 756-76.<br>\u3000\u9577\u5d0e\u66a2\u5b50. 2004. \u300e\u30a4\u30f3\u30c9\uff1a\u56fd\u5883\u3092\u8d8a\u3048\u308b\u30ca\u30b7\u30e7\u30ca\u30ea\u30ba\u30e0\u300f\u6771\u4eac: \u5ca9\u6ce2\u66f8\u5e97.<br>\u3000Ong, Aihwa. 1999.&nbsp;<em>Flexible Citizenship: The Cultural Logics of Transnationality.<\/em>&nbsp;Durham: Duke University Press.<br>\u3000Park, Jung-Sum, and Paul Y. Chang. 2005. \u201cContention in the Construction of a Global Korean Community: The Case of the Overseas Korean Act,\u201d&nbsp;<em>The Journal of Korean Studies,<\/em>&nbsp;10(1): 1-27.<br>\u3000Portes, Alejandro, and Min Zhou. 1993. \u201cNew Second Generation: Segmented Assimilation and Its Variants,\u201d&nbsp;<em>Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science,<\/em>&nbsp;530: 74-96.<br>\u3000Portes, Alejandro, Luis E. Guarnizo and Patricia Landolt. 1999. \u201cThe Study of Transnationalism: Pitfalls and Promise of an Emergent Research Field\u201d,&nbsp;<em>Ethnic and Racial Studies.<\/em>&nbsp;22(2): 217-37.<br>\u3000Portes, Alejandro, Rub\u00e9n Rumbaut. 2001.&nbsp;<em>Legacies: The Story of Immigrant Second Generation.<\/em>&nbsp;Berkeley: University of California Press.<br>\u3000Portes, Alejandro. 1998. \u201cSocial Capital: Its Origins and Applications in Modern Sociology,\u201d&nbsp;<em>Annual Review of Sociology,<\/em>&nbsp;24: 1-24.<br>\u3000Skocpol. Theda. 1985. \u201cBringing the State Back In: Strategies of Analysis in Current Research.\u201d Pp.3-37 in Peter B. 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